Langsung ke konten utama

Pathophysiology of Hallucination

Hallucination


Pathophysiology of Hallucination

Various theories have been put forward to explain the occurrence of hallucinations. When psychodynamic (Freudian) theories were popular in psychiatry, hallucinations were seen as a projection of unconscious wishes, thoughts and wants. As biological theories have become orthodox, hallucinations are more often thought of (by psychologists at least) as being caused by functional deficits in the brain. With reference to mental illness, the function (or dysfunction) of the neurotransmitters glutamate and dopamine are thought to be particularly important. The Freudian interpretation may have an aspect of truth, as the biological hypothesis explains the physical interactions in the brain, while the Freudian deals with the origin of the flavor of the hallucination. Psychological research has argued that hallucinations may result from biases in what are known as metacognitive abilities.

These are abilities that allow us to monitor or draw inferences from our own internal psychological states (such as intentions, memories, beliefs and thoughts). The ability to discriminate between internal (self-generated) and external (stimuli) sources of information is considered to be an important metacognitive skill, but one which may break down to cause hallucinatory experiences. Projection of an internal state (or a person's own reaction to another's) may arise in the form of hallucinations, especially auditory hallucinations. A recent hypothesis that is gaining acceptance concerns the role of overactive top-down processing, or strong perceptual expectations, that can generate spontaneous perceptual output (that is, hallucination).

wikipedia
Label:

Komentar

Posting Komentar

Postingan populer dari blog ini

Hematemesis Melena Pathophysiology

A history of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer is the initial allegations. So is a history of recurrent vomiting who initially did not bleed, excessive alcohol consumption leads to the suspicion of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. A history of recurrent vomiting who initially did not bleed more towards Mallory-Weiss. Excessive alcohol consumption leads to allegations of gastritis (30-40%), peptic ulcer disease (30-40%), or sometimes varicose veins. Weight reduction leads to the suspicion of malignancy. Heavy bleeding accompanied by a clot and refractory shock treatment increases the likelihood of varicose veins. A history of previous abdominal aortic surgery increases the likelihood of fistula aortoenterik. At the young age of patients with a history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding brief repeated (often accompanied by hemodynamic collapse) and a normal endoscopy, should be considered Dieulafoy lesion (a submucosal artery, usually near the heart, which can cause intermittent gastrointestina...
Posting Komentar
Baca selengkapnya

Pathophysiology of COPD

COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a progressive inflammatory disease connecting the airways, lung parenchyma, and vasculature. It causes the damage and remodeling of the airways and lung tissue. Proper functioning of lungs is rejected continuously by COPD. Over a period of time, these changes result in more severe conditions such as pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. The precise pathophysiology of COPD is unidentified. The inflammatory process is a driving aspect in the pathophysiology of COPD. Recent verification suggests that the inflammatory response results in a number of effects, including an arrival of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Thickened airways and structural changes such as increased smooth muscle and fibrosis may also be manifested. Cigarette smoking causes an inflammatory response in the lungs. This response does not cease with the removal of the stimulus, but progresses for an unlimited period of time...
Posting Komentar
Baca selengkapnya

Pathophysiology of Meningitis

Pathophysiology of Meningitis Predisposing factors include upper airway infection, otitis media, mastoiditis, sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopatis, a new neurosurgical procedure, head trauma and immunological effects. Venous channels through the posterior nasopharynx, middle ear and mastoid tract to the brain and the veins near the channel meningen; all of these links that support the growth of bacteria. Organisms enter the bloodstream and cause an inflammatory reaction in the meningen and under the cortex, which can cause thrombus and decreased cerebral blood flow. Cerebral tissue due to impaired metabolism meningen exudate, vasculitis and hypoperfusion. Purulent exudate may spread to the base of the brain and spinal cord. Inflammation also spread to the wall membrane of the cerebral ventricles. Bacterial meningitis associated with intracranial physiological changes, which consisted of increased permeability of the blood, the defense area of the brain, cerebral edema an...
Posting Komentar
Baca selengkapnya