Langsung ke konten utama

Pathophysiology of Diabetes MellitusType 1

Insulin is essential to process carbohydrates, fat, and protein. Insulin reduces blood glucose levels by allowing glucose to enter muscle cells and by stimulating the conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis) as a carbohydrate store. Insulin also inhibits the release of stored glucose from liver glycogen (glycogenolysis) and slows the breakdown of fat to triglycerides, free fatty acids, and ketones. It also stimulates fat storage. Additionally, insulin inhibits the breakdown of protein and fat for glucose production (gluconeogenesis) in both liver and kidneys.

Hyperglycemia (ie, random blood glucose concentration more than 200 mg/dL or 11 mmol/L) results when insulin deficiency leads to uninhibited gluconeogenesis and prevents the use and storage of circulating glucose. The kidneys cannot reabsorb the excess glucose load, causing glycosuria, osmotic diuresis, thirst, and dehydration. Increased fat and protein breakdown leads to ketone production and weight loss. Without insulin, a child with type 1 diabetes mellitus wastes away and eventually dies due to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

The effects of insulin deficiency are shown in the image below.

The effects of insulin deficiency.  
The effects of insulin deficiency. 

An excess of insulin prevents the release of glucose into the circulation and results in hypoglycemia (blood glucose concentrations of < 60 mg/dL or 3.5 mmol/L). Glucose is the sole energy source for erythrocytes, kidney medulla, and the brain. Source : emedicine.medscape.com
Label:

Komentar

Posting Komentar

Postingan populer dari blog ini

Hematemesis Melena Pathophysiology

A history of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer is the initial allegations. So is a history of recurrent vomiting who initially did not bleed, excessive alcohol consumption leads to the suspicion of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. A history of recurrent vomiting who initially did not bleed more towards Mallory-Weiss. Excessive alcohol consumption leads to allegations of gastritis (30-40%), peptic ulcer disease (30-40%), or sometimes varicose veins. Weight reduction leads to the suspicion of malignancy. Heavy bleeding accompanied by a clot and refractory shock treatment increases the likelihood of varicose veins. A history of previous abdominal aortic surgery increases the likelihood of fistula aortoenterik. At the young age of patients with a history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding brief repeated (often accompanied by hemodynamic collapse) and a normal endoscopy, should be considered Dieulafoy lesion (a submucosal artery, usually near the heart, which can cause intermittent gastrointestina...
Posting Komentar
Baca selengkapnya

Pathophysiology of COPD

COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a progressive inflammatory disease connecting the airways, lung parenchyma, and vasculature. It causes the damage and remodeling of the airways and lung tissue. Proper functioning of lungs is rejected continuously by COPD. Over a period of time, these changes result in more severe conditions such as pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. The precise pathophysiology of COPD is unidentified. The inflammatory process is a driving aspect in the pathophysiology of COPD. Recent verification suggests that the inflammatory response results in a number of effects, including an arrival of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Thickened airways and structural changes such as increased smooth muscle and fibrosis may also be manifested. Cigarette smoking causes an inflammatory response in the lungs. This response does not cease with the removal of the stimulus, but progresses for an unlimited period of time...
Posting Komentar
Baca selengkapnya

Pathophysiology of Meningitis

Pathophysiology of Meningitis Predisposing factors include upper airway infection, otitis media, mastoiditis, sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopatis, a new neurosurgical procedure, head trauma and immunological effects. Venous channels through the posterior nasopharynx, middle ear and mastoid tract to the brain and the veins near the channel meningen; all of these links that support the growth of bacteria. Organisms enter the bloodstream and cause an inflammatory reaction in the meningen and under the cortex, which can cause thrombus and decreased cerebral blood flow. Cerebral tissue due to impaired metabolism meningen exudate, vasculitis and hypoperfusion. Purulent exudate may spread to the base of the brain and spinal cord. Inflammation also spread to the wall membrane of the cerebral ventricles. Bacterial meningitis associated with intracranial physiological changes, which consisted of increased permeability of the blood, the defense area of the brain, cerebral edema an...
Posting Komentar
Baca selengkapnya